A simple but non-obvious one-line change (ANY(ARRAY[…]) to ANY(VALUES(…))) in a (bad) PostgreSQL 9.0 query cuts query time from 20s to 0.2s. Starting with low-level metrics we make our way to your best friend: EXPLAIN ANALYZE. The amount of time invested will pay off a hundred times over. The Postgres community is your second best friend.

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https://www.datadoghq.com/blog/100x-faster-postgres-performance-by-changing-1-line/